Secondary storage.

 What does Secondary storage Device mean?

A secondary storage device refers to any non-volatile storage device that is internal or external to the computer. It can be any storage device beyond the primary storage that enables permanent data storage.

A secondary storage device is also known as an auxiliary storage device or external storage.

Here are some examples of Secondary storage Device's :

Secondary storage devices are primarily referred to a storage devices that serve as an addition to the computer's primary storage, RAM and cache memory. Typically, secondary storage allows for the storage of data ranging from a few megabytes to petabytes. These devices store virtually all programs and applications stored on a computer, including the operating system, device drivers, applications and general user data. Most of the secondary storage devices are internal to the computer such as the hard disk drive, the tape disk drive and even the compact disk drive and floppy disk drive.

Secondary Storage compared to Memory

• It is always slower to access data from secondary storage than from memory.
• Data stored in secondary storage is permanent, it is NOT lost when the computer is turned off.
• Secondary storage typically has a far higher storage capacity than RAM.

Secondary storage can be divided into three main technologies:

Magnetic devices

• These have a tape or disk surface which can be magnetised with a pattern of north and south areas to represent the binary data. As the changing magnetic surface moves past a read head it reads the alternating pattern of tiny current changes as binary digits.
• Typical examples include hard drives, floppy disks and magnetic tape.

Optical devices

• These use a circular disk surface where a spiral pattern of reflective and non-reflective areas represents the binary data as the disk surface moves past it.. A low-power laser beam tracks this spiral pattern and reflects laser light onto a light detector. The pattern of bright and non-bright reflections form a pattern which is read as binary digits.
• Typical examples include CD-ROM, CD-R and CD-RW disks, along with the higher capacity DVD and Blu-ray equivalents.

Solid state devices

• These store the binary data on semi-conductor material where a pattern of on/off semi-conductor switches represents the binary data.

• A typical example is a solid state drive.

History of Secondary storage's.

In 1956 ::

In 1956, IBM’s Data Processing Division in southern San Jose, Ca transported the first hard-drive that only held a whopping 5 megabytes of storage.

Unbelievable right?

In 2018 ::

But now take a look at this picture of a SanDisk memory card which can hold a whopping 1 Terabyte of storage, thats a lot of storage, technology has come a log way and there is a lot more to come in future as well.

                                               - D. Srikanth.

IPL 2018 Auction Details

Everything you need to about know about IPL 2018 auctions

World's biggest and largest cricket league INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE is about.

It's a new year and the biggest cricket league is making an another come back with a fresh season.

Not to forget this time the Lions and the Royals are also making a comeback.

Yes, the tournament is still a couple of months away but not for the franchises because they have to retain the old players and buy some new ones.

As we all know that the list of retained players were out on January 4. 

A total of 18 players were retained by 8 franchises.

Retained players list :

•Chennai super Kings retained 3 players :

1. Ms Dhoni at (15 crs)

2. Suresh Raina (11 crs)

3. Ravindra Jadeja (7 crs)

•Delhi Daredevils retained 3 players :

1. Rishabh Pant (8 crs)

2. Chris Morris (7.1 crs)

3. Shreyas Iyer (7 crs)

•kings Xl Punjab retained only 1 player :

1. Axar Patel (6.75 crs)

•Kolkata knight Riders retained 2 players :

1. Sunil Narine (8.5 crs)

2. Andre Russell (7 crs)

•Mumbai Indians retained 3 players :

1. Rohit Sharma (15 crs) 

2. Hardik Pandya (11 crs)

3. Jasprit Bumrah (7 crs)

•Rajasthan Royals retained only 1 player :

1. Steve Smith (12 crs)

• Royal Challengers Banglore retained 3 :

1. Virat Kohli (17 crs)

2. AB de Villers (11 crs)

3. Sarfaraz Khan (1.75 crs)

• Sunrisers Hyderabad retained 2 players :

1. David Warner (12 crs)

2. Bhuvneshwar Kumar (8.5 crs) 

As players retained there favorites and now it's time for franchises to bring some new players with the remaining budget.

The auction is scheduled to take place on January 27 - 28 in Bengaluru.

It will be streamed live on star sports at 7 pm.

(Image)

Now it will be interesting how the franchises would select players because
Kings Xl Punjab currently don't have any player who can become the captain.

It was very suprising that Kolkata Knight Riders didn't retain Gautam gambhir , so the question is who will be leading the team?

The same old story for Delhi Daredevils who will be there captain? Delhi have never got the right combination in selecting players.

There are a lot of questions and they would be answered on 28th January when auction will be over.
We will keep you updated.
                     
                                           - Srikanth Mudiraj

NITI Aayog Explained

What is NITI Aayog?

National institute for transforming India (NITI) has been established be the government of India as a replacement for the planning commission. It is being formed on the basis of extensive consultation across the stake holders viz state governments, relevant institution, experts and the people at Large. NITI has not come into existence all of a sudden. The document of the 8th five year plan,The standing committee on finance on finance in it's report on demand for grants (2011-12) and the former prime Minister and noted economist Dr. Manmohan Singh accepted in his farewell address to the planning commission in 2014 have sought appropriate changes in the planning commission. NITI Aayog came into existence from 1st January 2015 under BJP governance.

Nature of NITI Aayog

1. The planning commission era witnessed centre-to-state on way flow of policy. NITI seeks genuine and continuing partnership of centre and Indian state's.

2. It will emerge as a "Think-tank" to provide strategical and technical advice to the central and state governments.

3. It ensures that all sections of society would benefit adequately from economic processes.

4. It will create knowledge, Innovation and entrepreneurial support through collaboration.

Organisational structure of NITI

It is an organization, a network of expertise focusing on functionality, flexibility and domain knowledge.

•Its organization consists of :

    

    1.Chairperson: Prime Minister

    2. Vice-chairpersons : To be appointed by          the prime Minister. etc.

NITI Aayog works in close co-operation, consultation and coordination with the state governments and Central ministers.

Functions of NITI Aayog

1. "National agenda" is provided to the prime Minister and chief ministers for development along with priorities and strategies.

2. It introduces bottom-up model through Decentralized planning.

3. It prepares vision and scenario plans for the state's and nation.

4. It augurs an integrated and holistic approach to development.

5. It enables capacity building and technology upgradation.

6. It also resolves inter-state and inter-sectoral conflicts.

7. Finally it monitors the implementation of the policies and programmes and evaluate their impact. 

           
                                       - Srikanth Mudiraj

                       

Stock exchange explained

Introduction to Stock exchange.

Stock exchange is an organized secondary market,where the listed securities are bought and sold by investors.The holder of securities can find immediate buyer and the proposed buyer of securities can find a seller as the stock exchange helps in determining the reasonable and fair price.

This task will be held by the members of stock exchange such as commission broker,broker,jobber etc.

Definition

Economist Pyle says that "Security exchanges are market places where securities that have been listed there on may be bought and sold either for investment or speculate" 

There are mainly two stock exchanges in India they are:

1. Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE)

The Bombay Stock exchange is formerly known as "Native stock and share Brokers Association". Which was established in the year 1876.

2. National stock exchange (NSE)

The National stock exchange was Incorporated in November, 1992. It is a countrywide screen based online trading system and has international standards.

 Evolution of stock exchange

The concept of stock exchange was developed in 1850, where the companies Act was passed and enabled the issue of long-term negotiable securities.The first stock exchange was set up in 1875 as the "Native share and stock brokers association" in Bombay, which is at present known as Bombay Stock Exchange(BSE) later on, stock exchanges in Ahmedabad (1894), Calcutta (1908) and Madras(1937) came into existence. At present there are 23 Stock Exchange in India.

Now, Let's take a look at the procedure for Listing of the Securities.

A company with minimum issued capital of Rs.3 crores of which at least RS.1.8 crore(60%) is offered to the public can apply for Listing in the prescribed proforma along with the following documents:

1. Copies of memorandum of Association and Articles of Association, prospectus, Director' Report, Balance sheets and agreements with underwriters and brokers etc.

2. Particulars regarding capital structure.

3. A statement showing the distribution of shares.

4. Particulars of dividends and bonus declared and or paid during the last 10 years.

5. Particulars of shares or debentures which permission to deal is applied for.

6. Brief report on company's activities since it's incorporation.

7. Listing agreement which required initial and annual listing fee

 This is the procedure for Listing of Securities.

                                           -Srikanth Mudiraj.

Different types of cryptocurrency

Types of Cryptocurrencies explained.

As of 27 November 2017 there are over 1324 different types of Cryptocurrencies.

And they will never stop! A new type of Cryptocurrency can be created at anytime by market capitalization.

Currently the much known and popular Cryptocurrency is BITCOIN.

Let's have a quick look at some of the most important and popular Cryptocurrencies.

1.Litecoin (LTC)

Litecoin was created by an MIT graduate Charlie Lee and was launched  way back in 2011 alongside with Bitcoin and is also known as 'Silver Bitcoin'.

Currently Litecoin is controlled by an authority and it uses "scrypt" as a proof of work and can be decoded by the help of  high speed consumer grade CPUs

Litecoins market is also expanding and there are many merchants who accept Litecoin.

2.Ethereum (ETH)

Ethereum was launched in 2015 and it has no controlling agency or authority, It is also known as Decentralized software platform.

The Ethereum software enables Smart contracts and distributed application (DApps), the app can run without any downtime , fraud,control or interference from any other Third party.

Ethereum has a market capitalization of $41 billion it is second after Bitcoin.

3. Zcash (ZEC)

Zcash was launched in late 2016 and doesn't have any controlling authority. 

Zcash is way secure when compared to Bitcoin because it offers privacy and selective transparency of transactions,all the details of Sender, recipient and amount are encrypted and kept private.

Zcash uses it's own cryptographic technique called Zk-SNARK developed by it's team 

4. Dash 

Dash was launched in 2014 and developed by Evan Duffield and can be mined using a CPU or GPU.

Dash was originally known as 'Darkcoin' but in March 2015 it was renamed as DASH  which stands for Digital cash.

Dash works on a Decentralized mastercode network and some of it's features are Darksend, InstantX.

5. Ripple (XRP)

Ripple was launched in 2012 it is a real time global settlement network that offers instant and low cost international payments. It also has end-to-end  transparency.

The thing that makes Ripple different from Bitcoin is that it doesn't require any mining and reduces computing power.

Ripple currency has a market capitalization of $ 1.20 billion.

Any how Bitcoin is way more ahead then these Cryptocurrencies in terms of market capitalization and popularity.

But once Bitcoins will be over and cannot be mined anymore, people will look towards other Cryptocurrencies.

But nevertheless the popularity of Cryptocurrencies has increased just Because of BITCOIN.

                                       -Srikanth Mudiraj.

World's biggest Airport is set to open in 2019

Beijing's new airport which is under construction and will be the biggest airport in the world and the construction cost of the airport is $12.1 BILLION.

The Beijing's new airport is opening in southern Daxing district in 2019.
The airport will help fullfil the growing needs of air transport in Beijing and also improve the aviation presence of the country.
It is also estimated that about 100 million passenger will travel through the airport.

As the country is most populated in the world, there is a great need for a second big airport, it's a big relief for many people in the country.

The new Beijing airport will have Seven Runways,Five storeys and a high fast speed Bullet train station so that passenger can board a train to the airport.

The authorities are taking all the cool steps which people wanted from a long time for a airport.

The airport will be totally consumer focused,well planned and sustainable for future growth to serve the passenger the best they can get.

It is said that two of China's major airlines,China Eastern Airlines Corp and China Southern Airlines Corp will relocate and make this new airport as their new Hub, It is also said that the major traffic of the airport will be of these two airlines itself.

The airport will be of 18 square miles and 57,000 tons of steel and 56.5 million cubic feet of concrete will be used just to construct it's frame.

If things go according to the plan then the whole project will be finished by 2019 and at last we will be able to see the biggest and largest airport of the world.

                                      -Srikanth Mudiraj

         

Top 5 Richest countries in the world.

In this case America isn't in the top 5 that's a suprising fact for many out there but it is the truth, well the majority of richest countries are from Europe,Yes you read it right majority are from Europe.

Now let's get to the list.

5.Ireland
         

At number FIVE position is Ireland.
Ireland is country located in Europe with a small population of  nearly 5 million (approx) Ireland's GDP Per capita income is about $68,885, Ireland's major income is produced by Food,textile and tourism industries,any how Ireland is a beautiful country to have a vacation with your family.

4.Brunei

Wow never heard of the country right? But it is the FOURTH richest country with a GDP Per capita income of $76,551 and a very small country and it's major income is produced by Crude oil and natural gas.

3. Singapore

Singapore's per capita income has grown at a very high and at a significant rate before taking the no.3 spot Singapore was at no.8 it has increased 5 places in the list,For now Singapore has taken no.3 spot with a GDP Per capita income of $87,855.

The basis of Singapore's wealth is its financial services sector, a chemical export industry, and its liberal economic policies which plays a very significant role in it's income.

Singapore has the second busiest port in the world, exporting $414 billion of goods in 2011 alone.

2. Luxembourg

Luxembourg was at the first place for many years but now it has dropped down to 2nd place with a GDP per capita income of $105,882 

Banking in Luxembourg is the largest sector of its economy with an asset base of over $1.24 trillion alone well that's a big number.

1. Qatar

Now the countdown ends with QATAR being the world's RICHEST country with a GDP Per capita income of  $127,523.

The country is rich because of it's  relatively low population of two million results in a large GDP per capita because of which most residents of the country enjoy a very high standard of living.

The countries capital is Doha and is we'll developed and gives a tough competition to other neighboring countries like UAE.

However the country may be the fact that makes it unique is it's RICHNESS.

                                -Srikanth Mudiraj